Effective Communication Skills in Health Care Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Healthcare literacy includes areas in language writing and speaking and the use of relevant technology to relay information and knowledge to people in the healthcare environment. Health literacy is the process in which people can acquire understanding and use health information to improve their health. Through literacy, parents and children can help in preventing disease, improving health and enhancing quality of life. (Lambert & Keogh, 2014) Health literacy also means having adequate understanding of â€Å"health-related information† so that a patient or parent/caregiver can act accordingly to what he/she has read and heard. Listening skills are as important as reading fundamentals. How a patient understands health information can influence his/her ability to keep the doctor’s instructions and prescriptions and improve health. If parents and children are not literate and cannot easily understand health information and instructions, there can be a problem in the treatment process. (Lambert & Keogh, 2014) Health literacy encompasses areas in the educational system, mass media and the health system. It seems complex but can be simplified through a framework provided in figure 1. Figure 1. Framework for health literacy SOURCE: Lambert and Keogh (2014) Healthcare literacy is one aspect of effective healthcare communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication Skills in Health Care or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now But concern for communication should also focus on how the two sides of the communication process should interact. How should communication be done? One author recommends SOLER, the process of effective communication. Burnard (1997) maintains that good listening techniques can result in effective communication. The behavior of listening influences effective communication in healthcare. Egan (1990 as cited in Burnard, 1997) suggests ways in the conduct of counselor behavior and offers SOLER, an acronym in the process of effective communication. Sit right in front of the patient Open position should be kept Lean a bit towards the patient Eye contact with the patient must be maintained Relax should not be the last word but the communication should have a relaxed atmosphere. Sitting in front of the client acknowledges the process of open communication. When the healthcare professional is opposite the client, he/she can witness all facets of communication. An open position encourages the client to speak freely. It is also a form of encouragement for the client to express his/her complaints in the treatment process. There are actions or words that portray messages which show that doctor is listening attentively, such as the use of head nods, or plain â€Å"yes, † or short sounds of â€Å"mm†, or gestures and words that portray attentiveness and the act of listening, or telling that the client is not alone.

Cancer The Virulent Disease Essay - 863 Words

An ordinary human body contains approximately one trillion cells and precisely 46 chromosomes in each cell. However, the human body can be altered by a genetic mutation. Over the course of history, genetic mutations have had a large impact on the human race. They have brought harm to numerous amounts of people. Cancer, in particular, is one of the most lethal diseases. Cancer begins when a portion of DNA inside a chromosome is damaged, causing a cell to mutate. Then, the mutated cell reproduces multiple times and creates a tumor. Afterwards, cancer cells break off of the tumor, enter the bloodstream, and disperse throughout the body. If the cells break off, the tumor is considered malignant - this type of cancer is very difficult to cure.†¦show more content†¦The p53 gene is found in the nucleus of every cell in the human body and its main role is to prevent cancer cells evolving† (Does Smoking Cause Cancer?). The poisonous chemicals in cigarettes weaken a gene that pr otects the body from receiving cancer. Without the p53 gene, people become more susceptible to this harmful disease. In order to prevent cancer, society must learn to not use tobacco products. Furthermore, having an unhealthy diet provokes cancer. When explaining foods that increase the risk of cancer, the author writes, â€Å"Certain chemicals are made when red and processed meats are cooked at high temperatures, such as on a barbecue. These chemicals can damage our cells, making them more likely to become cancerous† (Diet Causing Cancer). Cooking processed meat at a high temperature can create noxious chemicals. If one consumes this type of meat, it is like he/she is smoking a cigarette. The poisonous toxins in the meat infiltrate the body and alter the structure of cells, causing the cells to be cancerous. The author goes on to declare, â€Å"Overweight or obese people have an increased risk of pancreatic cancer†¦ because they tend to have higher insulin levels† (Diet Causing Cancer). People who have unhealthy diets are generally overweight or obese. These obese people have a higher level of insulin because their diets consist of large amounts of sug ar. Insulin is created in the pancreas. When the pancreas has to â€Å"work harder† than usual toShow MoreRelatedSkin Cancer Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer†, its a disease that has claim the lives of millions, its a disease that so far has no known cure, and its a disease that has many different forms. Cancer is defined as â€Å"a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division† (Starr, 1999, p. 213). Skin cancer is just one of the many forms of cancer that effects us and is the most common cancer in the U.S. Like so many others, I would assume that the major cause ofRead More Optimizing Chloroquine to Make a Better Drug to Fight Malaria1416 Words   |  6 Pagescure against the parasitic infection. However, a new strain of malaria, plasmodium falciparum, has proven to be resistant against chloroquine and other cures we have for this virulent disease. Should man then cast aside this antique drug? Not before trying to optimize it to once again combat malaria. There has been a disease that has never been completely assessed nor understood, yet it has been a scourge to humanity for centuries. Consequently, it has never quite been fought off. Malaria hasRead MorePreventing Cervical Cancer through HPV Vaccinations Essay examples856 Words   |  4 Pages Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer for women yet it is the most common cancer of the reproductive system. According to the CDC in 2010 11,818 women in the United States were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3,939 women in the United States died from cervical cancer. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. Human papilloma virus, otherwise known as HPV, is known to cause cervical abnormalities and has been linked to cervical cancer. Some signs and symptoms of cervicalRead MoreThe Tree Of Life Has Many Meanings868 Words   |  4 Pagesnatural smile in people’s faces. Our fight against hunger is endless, but it is also true for the fight against disease. In many hospitals, I have seen how teamwork can be an undefeatable force as nurses and doctors cooperate to perform surgery on every patient they encounter while giving their best to bring life back to their patients. Modern medicine has been the key to curing diseases, however some natural medicine such as trees, proved to be more effective and safe. From its deeply planted rootsRead More Polio Virus Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagespositive RNA. Polio virus is able to reside in the throat or intestinal tract of humans. Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious infectious disease which has three strains, poliovirus 1 (PV1), PV2 and PV3. Polio virus, although rare in developed countries, can be found in many under-developed countries due to the uncommonness of vaccinations there. Polio is known as a disease of development. The oldest known record of polio is in an Egyptian stone engraving of a young priest from 1350 B.C. with a witheredRead MoreAnalysis of The Inmortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot761 Words   |  4 PagesHenrietta’s cancer cells were growing, and every twenty-four hours they doubled in size. As long as the cells had food and warmth, they were unstoppable. â€Å"George told a few of his closest colleagues that he thought his lab might have grown the first immortal human cells. To which they replied, Can I have some? And George said yes† (Skloot 41). Sadly, Henrietta would never know of the exciting history her cells would soon be making. She passed away on October 4, 1951 of cervical cancer. She was thirtyRead MoreEssay on Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts1241 Words   |  5 PagesT-Lymphocyte deficit and decline, renal dysfunction, HIV infection, cancer, treatment with immunosuppres sive drugs and organ transplantation. According to Levy et al, HIV infection lowers both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts of the host and weaken the immune defence important in fighting any infection. Consequently, Candida albicans uses its yeast-hyphal switch to penetrate into deep epithelial walls and endothelia human tissues to cause disease. In addition, Candida albicans possesses cAMP dependant pathwaysRead MoreThe Connection between Diet and Cancer Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Connection between Diet and Cancer Cancer is a disease that can affect many different body parts. But no matter which body part is affected, cancer always involves cells that, due to various causes, go through genetic changes such that they start to proliferate wildly. In most forms of cancer the expanding masses of cells form tumors that eventually push against and invade neighboring tissue, disrupting body systems. In the course of time they may metastasize, travel via the blood or lymphRead MoreEssay about Reading guide chapter 19662 Words   |  3 Pagesgenomes and capsid proteins self-assemble into new virus particles, which exit the cell 6. What is the phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell? The lytic cycle 7. What kind of phage only reproduces by a lytic cycle? A virulent phage 8. How do bacteria defend themselves against phages? Through restriction enzymes 9. What are the steps of the lytic cycle of a T4 phage? 1.) Attachment 2.) Entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA 3.) Synthesis of viral genomes andRead MoreEconomic And Social Development : Thailand Still Faces Critical Health Issues859 Words   |  4 Pagesand social development, as well the implementation of universal health care attribute to this decline1. Regardless of successes disparities remain nationally and inequality follows. Non-communicable diseases account for the largest burden of mortality, NCDs compromise chronic, and non-infectious diseases. The proportional mortality with respect to total deaths is 71%2. This approximates that 355, 710 deaths of 510,000 total deaths are a result of NCDs2. However, combatting NCDs proves difficult as

The Greek Olympics Essay Research Paper Early free essay sample

The Grecian Olympics Essay, Research Paper Early Western Civilization A Gift of Peace from the Past, The Ancient Olympics Since 1896, the twelvemonth the Olympics were resurrected from antediluvian history, the Olympics have been a symbol of the chumminess and harmoniousness possible on a planetary graduated table. The assemblage of athletic representatives, the pride of the battalion, from take parting authoritiess, even throughout the recent Cold War period, is proof that universe integrity is possible ; merely as it was in Ancient Greece with the polis or city states. Olympic Games were held throughout Ancient Greece, but the most celebrated are the games that were held in Olympia in award of Zeus every four old ages from August 6th to September 19th. The first record of these games is of one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, winning a dash race in 776 BC. Most historiographers believe the games to hold been traveling on for about 500 old ages before this. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Olympics Essay Research Paper Early or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the twelvemonth Coroebus was made a portion of history, there was seemingly merely one simple event, a race called the stade. The path was said to be one stade long or approximately 210 paces. In subsequent games, extra events were to be added, most likely to increase the challenge to these astonishing jocks. In 724 BC, the diaulos, a two stade race, was added, followed by a long distance race, about 2? stat mis and called the Dolichos, at the following games four old ages subsequently. Wrestling and the celebrated Pentathlon were introduced in 708 BC. The Pentathlon consisted of five events ; the long leap, javelin throw, discus throw, pes race, and wrestle. The Pentathlons, particularly the successful 1s, were frequently treated and even worshipped like Gods. Because of their keen builds, they were used as the theoretical accounts for statues of the Grecian Gods. The superior athletic ability of these jocks affects the games even today. The distortion and throwing method of the discus throw, which originated in Ancient Greece, is still used today. The original events were even more ambitious than those of today. The modern discus weighs in at merely 5 lbs, tierce of the original weight, and the long leaps were done with the contestant transporting a five lb weight in each manus. The cavity to be traversed in this leap allowed for a 50 pes leap, compared to merely over 29 pess in our modern Olympics. Apparently, the carried weights, used right, could make impulse to transport the jock farther. Legend has it that one Olympic cleared the full cavity by about 5 pess, interrupting both legs as he landed. One important difference between the modern and ancient games ; the original Olympians competed in the nude. Because of this, the 45,000 witnesss consisted of work forces and unwed virgin adult females merely. The lone exclusion to this would be the priestess of Demeter who was besides the merely witness honored with a place. The immature unwed adult females were allowed to watch to present them to work forces in all their luster and ferociousness whereas it was felt that married adult females should non see what they could non hold. In add-on, the virgins had their ain event which occurred on the work forces? s spiritual twenty-four hours of remainder. Called the Haria, in award of Hara the married woman of Zeus, the immature adult females would race dressed in a short adventitia which exposed the right chest. Traditionally, Spartan adult females dominated this event, being trained from birth for merely this intent. The spiritual undertones of the events became highly evident O N the 3rd twenty-four hours of the games when a herd of 100 cattles were killed as a forfeit to Zeus. In actuality, merely the most useless parts were burned in award of Zeus ; most of the meat would be cooked and eaten that twenty-four hours. The forfeits were conducted on a immense conic alter built up from the ashes of antecedently sacrificed animate beings. The hill was so big, the Greeks would cut stairss into the cone after detecting it could be hardened by adding H2O and drying. Another clever innovation was a system to forestall early starts in the pes races. It consisted of a saloon in forepart of the smugglers to guarantee they all start at the same clip. This most likely was viewed as a approval by the rivals, as old to this, they would be beaten by the Judgess with rods for an early leap. This system led to the excessive mechanisms used for get downing the chariot races in 680 BC. Other debuts to the games were packaging in 688 BC, the pancratium, a no-holds barricaded signifier of wrestle, in 648 BC, and finally some events for male childs between 632 and 616 BC. The Olympics of old were wholly a adult male on adult male competition. No records were kept to be broken but a few astonishing fables of the games have survived the trial of clip. Aegeus, for case, was said to hold completed his competition and so to run place to Argos, over 60 stat mis off, in one twenty-four hours. Milo, one of the most feared Olympians of Ancient Greece, was said to hold carried a full adult bull to the sphere, butchered it, and ate the full animate being in one twenty-four hours. Not surprisingly, he was said to hold one many a wrestling lucifer by the forfeiture of his opposition. He besides walked off with six back-to-back Olympic Crown. These fables, for all their blood, perspiration, and cryings, were awarded an olive subdivision from the tree behind the alter of Zeus when they won. Fortunately, the parts they represented were normally slightly more grateful for conveying honor place. It was non uncommon for the masters to have free nutrient for life, money, or other valuable offers. They were frequently worshipped as Gods and sometimes their perspiration was preserved and sold as a charming potion. In the ulterior old ages of the games, an extra event was added which signaled the terminal of the games and the return to the war ridden life of ancient history. Soldiers, adorned with a full organic structure of armour weighing upwards of 50 lbs, would vie in a pes race. Unfortunately, even the evident athletic ability of these soldiers could non forestall the autumn of Greece to Rome in the center of the 2nd century BC. Under Roman regulation, the Olympics began to lose its ardor until it was abolished in 393 Ad by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I who most likely objected to the heathen rites associated with the Olympics. Some historiographers believe that even after the official abolition of the Olympic gamess, it may hold survived for an extra 120 old ages. Its subsequent resurgence in 1896 was brought approximately by the find of the ancient bowl. Since that clip, it has been held every four old ages, in conformity with tradition, being interrupted merely for the two universe wars. The competition of the states in these events represents the age old competitory spirit of adult male. The demand for people to take pride in something larger than themselves and experience as if they are portion of a greater good. The Olympics, today every bit good as 3,000 old ages ago, offers a non-combative environment to make so.

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essay Paper Example For Students

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essay Paper Word Count: 2443Introduction:Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2,500 people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.1 Since so many people are affected by this disease, its no wonder that CF was the first human genetic disease to be cloned by geneticists. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered while at the same time, discussing the protein defect in the CF gene, the bio-chemical defect associated with CF, and possible treatments of the disease. Finding :The classical genetic approach to finding the gene that is responsible for causing a genetic disease has been to first characterize the bi o-chemical defect within the gene, then to identify the mutated protein in the gene of interest, and finally to locate the actual gene. However, this classical approach proved to be impractical when searching for the CF gene. To find the gene responsible for CF, the principle of reverse genetics was applied. Scientists accomplished this by linking the disease to a specific chromosome. After this linkage, they isolated the gene of interest on the chromosome and then tested its product.2Before the disease could be linked to a specific chromosome, a marker needed to be found that would always travel with the disease. This marker is known as a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP for short. RFLPs are varying base sequences of DNA in different individuals which are known to travel with genetic disorders.3 The RFLP for cystic fibrosis was discovered through the techniques of Somatic Cell Hybridization and through Southern Blot Electrophoresis (gel separation of DNA). By using these techniques, three RFLPs were discovered for CF; Doc RI, J3.11, and Met. Utilizing in situ hybridization, scientists discovered the CF gene to be located on the long arm of chromosome number seven. Soon after identifying these markers, another marker was discovered that segregated more frequently with CF than the other markers. This meant the new marker was closer to the CF gene. At this time, two scientists named Lap-Chu Tsui and Francis Collins were able to isolate probes from the CF interval. They were now able to utilize to powerful technique of chromosome jumping to speed up the time required to isolate the CF gene much faster than if they were to use conventional genetic techniques.3In order to determine the exact location of the CF gene, probes were taken from the nucleotide sequence obtained from chromosome jumping. To get these probes, DNA from a horse, a cow, a chicken, and a mouse were separated using Southern Blot electrophoresis. Four probes were found to bind to a ll of the vertebrates DNA. This meant that the base pairs within the probes discovered contained important information, possibly even the gene. Two of the four probes were ruled out as possibilities because they did not contain open reading frames which are segments of DNA that produce the mRNA responsible for genes. We will write a custom essay on The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Northern Blot electrophoresis technique was then used to distinguish between the two probes still remaining in order to find out which one actually contained the CF gene. This could be accomplished because Northern Blot electrophoresis utilizes RNA instead of DNA. The RNA of cell types affected with CF, along with the RNA of unaffected cell types were placed on a gel. Probe number two bound to the RNA of affected cell types in the pancreas, colon, and nose, but did not bind to the RNA from non-affected cell types like those of the brain and heart. Probe number one did not bind exclusively to cell types from CF affected areas like probe number two did. From this evidence, it was determined that probe number two contained the CF gene. While isolating the CF gene and screening the genetic library made from mRNA (cDNA library), it was discovered that probe number two did not hybridize. The chances for hybridization may have been decreased because of the low levels of the CF gene present within the probe. Hybridization chances could also have been decreased because the cDNA used was not made from the correct cell type affected with CF. The solution to this lack of hybridization was to produce a cDNA library made exclusively from CF affected cells. This new library was isolated from cells in sweat glands. By using this new cDNA library, probe number two was found to hybridize excessively. It was theorized that this success was due to the large amount of the CF gene present in the sweat glands, or the gene itself could have been involved in a large protein family. Nevertheless, the binding of the probe proved the CF gene was present in the specific sequence of nucleotide bases being analyzed. The isolated gene was prov en to be responsible for causing CF by comparing its base pair sequence to the base pair sequence of the same sequence in a non-affected cell. The entire CF cDNA sequence is approximately 6,000 nucleotides long. In those 6,000 n.t.s, three base pairs were found to be missing in affected cells, all three were in exon #10. This deletion results in the loss of a phenylalanine residue and it accounts for seventy percent of the CF mutations. In addition to this three base pair deletion pattern, up to 200 different mutations have been discovered in the gene accounting for CF, all to varying degrees. .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .postImageUrl , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:hover , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:visited , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:active { border:0!important; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:active , .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4d758dfe42f132a5ad29e9ba818a9da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Cruelty? EssayThe Protein Defect:The Cystic Fibrosis gene is located at 7q31-32 on chromosome number seven and spans about 280 kilo base pairs of genomic DNA. It contains twenty four exons.4 This gene codes for a protein involved in trans-membrane ion transport called the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator or CFTR. The 1,480 amino acid protein structure of CFTR closely resembles the protein structure of the ABC-transporter super family. It is made up of similar halves, each containing a nucleotide-binding fold (NBF), or an ATP-binding complex, and a membrane spanning domain (MSD). The MSD makes up the transmembrane Cl- channels. There is also a Regu latory Domain (R-Domain) that is located mid-protein which separates both halves of the channels. The R-Domain is unique to CFTR and is not found in any other ABC-transporter. It contains multiple predicted binding sites for protein kinase A and protein Kinase C.4 Mutations in the first MDS are mainly found in exon #4 and exon #7. These types of mutations have been predicted to alter the selectivity of the chloride ion channels.4 Mutations that are in the first NBF are predominant in CFTR. As previously mentioned, 70 percent of the mutations arising in CF cases are deletions of three base pairs in exon #10. These three base pairs give rise to phenylalanine and a mutation at this site is referred to as DF508.5 Such a mutation appears not to interfere with R-Domain phosphorylation and has even been reported to transport chloride ions.6;7 There are five other frequent mutations that occur in the first NBF. The first is a deletion of an isoleucine residue, DF507. The second is a substit ution of glycine or amino acid #551 by aspartic acid/F551D. The third involves stop mutations at arginine #553 and glycine #542. The fourth is substitutions of serine #549 by various other residues. The fifth is a predicted splicing mutation at the start of exon #11.7Mutations within the R-Domain are extremely rare. The only reason they do occur is because of frameshifts. Frameshifts are mutations occurring due to the starting of the reading frame one or two nucleotides later than in the normal gene translation.4Mutations in the second membrane spanning domain of the CFTR are also very rare and have only been detected in exon #17b. These have no relevance to mutations occurring in the first membrane spanning domain. They apparently do not have a significant impact on the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator either.4Mutations in the second nucleotide-binding fold occur frequently in exon #19 and exon #20 by the deletion of a stop signal at amino acid number 1282. Exon #21 is sometimes mutated by the substitution of asparagine #1303 with lysine #N1303K.4The Bio-Chemical Defect:Studies of the chloride channels on epithelial cells lining the lungs, sweat glands, and pancreas have shown a consensus in that the activation of chloride secretion in response to cAMP (adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate) is impaired in cystic fibrosis cases. Another affected, independently regulated chloride channel that has been discovered is activated by calcium-dependent protein kinases. Sodium ions have also been noted to be increasingly absorbed by apical sodium channels.8 Therefore, the lack of regulated chloride ion transport across the apical membranes and apical absorption of sodium ions, impedes the extracellular presence of water. Water will diffuse osmotically into cells and will thus cause the dehydration of the sol (5- mm fluid layer of the cell membrane) and the gel (blanket of mucus) produced by epithelial cells.9 As a result of this diffusion of water, airways b ecome blocked and pancreatic proteins turn inactive. An Account of the Absorption and Secretion of Cl-, Na+, and Proteins:An inward, electrochemical Na+ gradient is generated by the Na+, K+-ATPase pump located in the basolateral membrane (the cell side facing the organ it is lining). A basolateral co-transporter then uses the Na+ gradient to transport Cl- into the cell against its own gradient. This is done in such a way that when the apical Cl- channels within the membrane spanning domain open, Cl- diffuse passively with their gradient through the cell membrane.4In pancreatic duct cells, a Na+, H+-ATPase pump is used and a bicarbonate secretion is exchanged for Cl- uptake in the apical membrane. Chloride ions then diffuse passively when the Cl- channels are opened. Such secretions also allow for the exocytosis of proteins in the pancreas which will later be taken into the small intestines for the breaking down of carbohydrates.4In addition to the pump-driven gradients and secretion s, there exists autonomic neurotransmitter secretions from epithelial cells and exocrine glands. Fluid secretion, including Cl-, is stimulated predominately by cholinergic, a-adrenergic mechanisms, and the b-adrenergic actions.4 Such chemical messengers cannot enter the cell, they can only bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and transmit messages to and through an intracellular messenger such as Ca2+ and cAMP by increasing their concentration. The intracellular message is transmitted across the cell by either diffusion or by a direct cascade. One example of a directed cascade is the following:Possible Treatments For Cystic Fibrosis:One suggested treatment for CF has been to provide the missing chemicals to the epithelial cells. This can be accomplished by the addition of adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) or the addition of the nucleotide triphosphates ATP or UTP to cultures of nasal and tracheal epithelia. This has been proven to alter the rate of Cl- secretion by removi ng the 5-mmeter sol layer of fluid in the respiratory tract.9 Moreover, luminal application of the compound amiloride, which inhibits active Na+ absorption by blocking Na+ conductance in the apical membrane, reduced cell secretion and absorption to a steady state value. .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .postImageUrl , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:hover , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:visited , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:active { border:0!important; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:active , .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778 .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u565d1dd1930a293c38b53bded2c0c778:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: King Lear Persuasive EssayAnother treatment that has been suggested is to squirt solutions of genetically engineered cold viruses in an aerosol form into the nasal passages and into the lungs of people infected with CF. This is done in hopes that the virus will transport corrected copies of the mutated gene into the affected persons airways so it can replace the mutated nucleotides.10 This form of treatment is known as gene therapy. A different approach taken in an attempt to cure cystic fibrosis involves correcting the disease while the affected person is still an embryo. Test tube fertilization (in vitro fertilization) and diagnosis of F508 during embryonic development can be accomplished through a biopsy of a cleavage-stage embryo, and amplification of DNA from single embryonic cells.5 After this treatment, only unaffected embryos would be selected for implantation into the uterus. Affected embryos would be discarded. Conclusion:Chloride conductance channels have dramatic potentials. One channel can conduct from 1106 to 1108 ions per second.8 This is particularly impressive when you consider the fact that there are not many channels present on cells to perform the required tasks. As a result of this, a mutation of one channel or even a partial mutation of a channel, that causes a decrease in the percentage of channel openings, can exert a major effect. Even the mildest of cures altering the Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator in CF afflicted people would lead to significant improvements in that individuals health. Since cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder, particularly amongst Caucasians, in todays society, intense research efforts towards its cure would be invaluable. When will cystic fibrosis be completely cured? No one can say for sure but, strong steps have already been taken towards reaching this goal.

A midsummer days nightmare

A midsummer days nightmare Executive Summary The ability of managers to balance between employees’ personal demands and business established policies forms the most critical aspect in determining the levels of productivity and profitability that can be assimilated. This requires the human resources managers to ensure that the best practices are assimilated in dealing with workers at all times to guarantee their commitment.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on A midsummer days’ nightmare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case study in this paper presents a situation where an individual with little leadership and management skills is charged with the role of managing a restaurant. Consequently, issues of coordinating activities coupled with other factors like limited workforce and resources makes the smooth operation of the business to become elusive. The capacity to reflect successful leadership and management concepts in resta urant management stems from understanding work requirements, being professional, devising an acceptable vision, and challenging normal practice for the purpose of adding value and redefining existing culture in restaurant practices in order to anchor continued development. Effective leadership and management in a restaurant therefore form the most critical elements that dictate strategic approaches and effectiveness in meeting restaurant business missions and objectives. To overcome the challenge facing this business, there is need for training and development of the existing leaders and other works as this will sharpen the workforce and create a forward force that will enable the restaurant to move forward. Introduction The capacity to reflect successful leadership and management concepts in restaurant management stems from understanding work requirements, being professional, devising an acceptable vision, and challenging normal practice for the purpose of adding value and redefini ng existing culture in restaurant practices in order to anchor continued development. DiPietro et al (2007) posit that a leader in a restaurant must have the correct attributes and unique skills as well as characteristics that accompany them. As this paper analyses, leadership is the greatest factor that determines success or failure of an institution because it determines the focus, motivates lower level employees and ultimately links objective to success. This paper is an in-depth evaluation of a case study of leadership and management at a fast food restaurant to determine management issues. Besides, it evaluates management problems in the restaurant and concludes by offering recommendations and strategic action plans of addressing the situation that was faces the leader.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background and statement of the problem Effective lead ership and management in a restaurant form the most critical elements that dictate strategic approaches and effectiveness in meeting restaurant business missions and objectives. The ability to realize high employees’ motivation, high productivity and eventual excellent consumer value and satisfaction demands careful articulation of human resource management principles that entails reducing their weaknesses while maximizing their strengths (Kimes, 2005). From the case study, the restaurant leadership has received immense pressure to improve performance from its top management. However, there are numerous factors that present major problems to the realization of effective management. One of the major problems presented in the case is lack of training and professionalism in leadership of the restaurant as the mentioned leader mwpand other leaders have been put quickly promoted to positions of leadership without adequate knowledge of the roles they are supposed to carry (Sawyer Melnyk, 2003). This does not only force the unskilled leadership to frequently refer to guidelines and manuals for directions, but the roles also pose as burdens on their shoulders. Besides, human resource management is a major issue in the restaurant as there is no proper coordination of activities necessary to foster change, enhance motivation, recruitments and smooth functioning of activities. Waller (2006) posits that the department and profession that plays one of the most important roles in any organization is the human resource department because it deals with workers, their motivation, appraisal and strategic focus that determines the overall productivity and profitability of any institution. Human resources departments are very crucial in their work because they link an organization with its visions because it is indeed the workers and employees who define the application of respective organization policies (Ofori, 2008). Situation analysis- internal environment and externa l environment Kimes (2005) points out that SWOT analysis is one of the best systems of analysing a company’s status and therefore determines its ability to progress in the market profitably. It explores a company from an internal consideration while gauging its external preparedness to address the different problems. Indeed, the ability of any business enterprise to grow lies in its capacity to maximally enhance its strengths and utilize the available opportunities while addressing the weaknesses and effectively countering the threats. Internal factors Strengths The restaurant’s mission, goals, and objectives are very clear as the major guiding tools for its development and growth. As indicated in the case study, the companys top management saw a rich niche of leadership among its workers upon which they could utilize as an entrepreneurial opportunity.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on A midsummer days’ nightmare specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With all the other types of foods were being offered in the market and to customers, the mission to offer good menu was actually a major element of strength. Besides, the restaurant has also managed to grow due to the ability of the co-founders to assimilate recipes that are highly authentic and nutritious to the consumers. As a marketing and sustainability strategy, this notion is able to bring and maintain consumers to the restaurants products. The other strength the restaurant is that it has product offerings that are unique and of excellent quality. The company has a unique corporate culture and offers its customers efficient services. This gives it a high reputation in the market. Team orientation The performance of small groups within an organisation is a key ingredient to the overall output of the entire organisation (Kimes Thompson, 2004). Hence, the success of any organisation heavily relies on the individual output o f small teams that constitute departments or divisions within an organisation. Increased productivity has been directly linked to group efficacy in an organisation. Besides, there are other group dynamics elated to group efficacy that may also contribute positively to the growth of an organisation. Most studies have also revealed that group dynamics derive a lot of benefit from efficacy and the overall effectiveness of a group (Kimes Thompson, 2004). Although leadership style in an organisation is paramount in driving groups, leadership satisfaction may not necessarily be affected by group efficacy. In this restaurant, despite poor leadership, there is team orientation, a concept of team building that can be described as an organizational behaviour and practice that attempts to bring employees together as one cohesive team that works to achieve a common objective or goal. Weaknesses The ability to identify and establish modes of addressing the different weaknesses in any company o r business unit, acts as a rotating framework upon which growth and development can be inferred (Waller, 2006). Ogunlana (2008) explains that all business units posses various weaknesses that determine their overall ability to achieve the necessary productivity and profitability.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the ability to select the correct and professional leaders who share the same vision and are strongly entrepreneurial oriented is a key facet in enhancing faster growth and adaptability of a restaurant business unit to assimilate the necessary growth with time, the restaurant management selected untrained and inexperienced leaders to manage the business’ operations. Indeed, bad choice of business leadership has acted as a major setback for the restaurant and a major point for its near downfall. Besides, another distressful weakness that the restaurant has is adapting faster to the ever changing needs of a restaurant operations. The management of the restaurant lacks proper coordination and communication necessary to ensure smooth flow of operation and provision of necessary resources. Opportunities According to Kimes (2005), the most important aspects of any business entity is its management ability to identify the different opportunities that face it at different peri ods. The restaurant has numerous opportunities in the hospitality business arena to enhance provision of services and quality food stuff. Being a restaurant that served its customers for several years and has made tremendous advances in terms of products and services, it has more time to prepare, analyze the external environment and set strategies for future changes. In addition, the business has competencies that include a team of workers who are self motivated which it can use to enhance provision of services in the market. Threats Like other restaurants in today’s economy, this restaurant faces numerous threats that affect its performance in the hospitality industry. One such threat concerns limited resources to use to improve its products and business operations. From the case study, it is depending on old and worn out machineries to preserve and prepare food stuff. Deficiency of resources is a threat to this restaurant as it may make it less competitive and lose its hold of customers in the market. Consequently, its competitors who are equally stronger will take its position in the market. Besides, another threat is its leadership which is less trained and lacks professional experience to run restaurant operations (Sawyer Melnyk, 2003). This problem is compounded by the fact that other core leaders have neglected their roles and instead left the running of the restaurant to less skilled leaders. The effect of this threat is that the effectiveness of service provision, human resource management as well as customer service will diminish. This calls for the leadership of the restaurant to change its tactics and set new management strategies. External factors Economic factor One of the economic factors affecting the restaurant is the trade cycle that Kimes and Thompson (2004) describe as the fluctuation of cost of commodities or goods in an economy. Accessing food materials and resources such as refrigerators and cooking materials due to their cost a re some of the challenges that the restaurant face due to the rise, fall, stability and continuity of cost of products. It is imperative to note that trade cycles is a changing factor that impacts on any business in an economy due to changes in general price level. Analysis of alternatives Offer training and install new machineries In his publication, Kimes (2005) points out that all institutions whether profit or not for profit seek to grow and meet their outlaid perspectives. This has however been a great challenge with many institutions as their leaders and workers lack adequate training resulting to losses or suboptimal profitability. Training and development therefore becomes so critical to all organizations because so critical because it determines the ability of an organization to remain in its vision objectives (Yun, Cox Sims, 2006). As case brought it, lack of training for the promoted leaders made their work and the smooth running of the business cumbersome. Training and development will sharpen the workforce and create a forward force that enables an organization to move forward. This is in line with John Kotter’s theory of change management which posits that workers are the driving forces for their institutions (de Vries, Bakker-pieper, Oostenveld, 2010). The top management of the restaurant should train workers to create the innovativeness edge sharp enough for higher profitability, innovativeness and and provision of better quality products and services. Establish supportive structures In his theory of organization change, Kurt Lewin pointed out that there is need to establish the necessary supportive structures that cultivate the need for change demands (Ogunlana, 2008). The theory points out that that organizations leadership has a role in provision of the necessary goodwill that brings down the management to the workers levels (de Vries, Bakker-pieper, Oostenveld, 2010). It is worth noting that over the years, the need for change in managing restaurants has risen at different instances especially with the rising levels of competition and fast changing business environment. It became clear from the case study that management problems will always call for major and minor changes that directly or indirectly impact of the restaurant. It is in this respect that this calls for long term critical thinking as a basis for management decision making at all times. Recommendations, implementation (Action plan) and conclusion In the theory of cultural dynamics, the overall ability of an organization to assimilate change and maintain the same consideration is through careful inclusion of the workers into the change demands which carves their necessary identity (Alimo-Metcalfe et al., 2008). The theory continues to say that though the management acts as the major proprietor for enhancing the necessary progress in an organization, the most important factor is the workers who dictate the application and efficiency of the same c onsiderations. Since the restaurant culture is to quickly promote its workers into positions of leadership, it should focus on their experience as this will be key in facilitations their effective operations. De Vries, Bakker-pieper, Oostenveld, 2010 argue that as contingency theories indicate, effective change management requires that careful structural constitution where the alignment of structures is empowered to ensure stronger flow and coordination of the major decisions assimilated by an organization for change. It is in this respect that there is need for coordination between the top management and other leaders in the restaurant which is lacking according to the case study. The top management of the restaurant should consider that a leader such as one in the case study being in the restaurant and interacting with customers and other workers posses greater knowledge to point out at the areas that need change. Palmer (2009) points out that though management of the restaurant may not necessarily apply the propositions by the leader in charge, they should view the emergent considerations to change as part of their own decisions. Besides, following the increasing demand for quality services by the staff to consumers, installation of better machineries and training employees will possibly be the best system as it would enhance their in their operations and enhance their accountability. The system will also be good in that it will employ the companys resources instead of seeking external facilities for training and practices. Figure 1: Training and installation program Time Action Expected outcomes/ suggested practical applications 2 days Install new machineries Changes in the systems outlook 2 Weeks Train employees Training on skills 1 Week Test new toasters Practical application of skills 1 Month Check customer Satisfaction Outcome evaluation 6 Months Monitoring the progress Continuous organization assessment References Alimo-Metcalfe, B., Alban-Metcalfe, J., Bradley, M., Samele, C. (2008). The impact of engaging leadership on performance, attitudes to work and wellbeing at work. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 22(6), 586-98. de Vries, R.,E., Bakker-pieper, A., Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership = communication? The relations of leaders communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 367-380. DiPietro, R. B., Murphy, K. S., Rivera, M., Muller, C. (2007). Multi-unit management key success factors in the casual dining restaurant industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(7), 524-524. Kimes, S. E. (2005). Restaurant revenue management: Could it work? Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 4(1), 95-97. Kimes, S. E., Thompson, G. M. (2004). Restaurant revenue management at chevys: Determining the best table mix. Decision Sciences, 35(3), 371-392. Ofori, G. (2008). Tipping points that inspire leadership. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(3), 212-229. Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2), 164-184. Palmer, D. E. (2009). Business leadership: Three levels of ethical analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(3), 525-536. Waller, K. (2006). Successful restaurant management: From vision to execution. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(4), 381-382. Yun, S., Cox, J., Sims, H. P. Jr. (2006). The forgotten follower: A contingency model of leadership and follower self-leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 374-388. Sawyer, L. Melnyk, J. (2003). A midsummer day’s nightmare. Comprehensive Cases, 1-5.

All About Wireless Electricity

All About Wireless Electricity Wireless electricity is quite literally the transmission of electrical energy without wires. People often compare the wireless transmission of electrical energy as being similar to the wireless transmission of information, for example, radio, cell phones, or wi-fi internet. The major difference is that with radio or microwave transmissions, the technology focuses on recovering just the information, and not all the energy that you originally transmitted. When working with the transport of energy you want to be as efficient as possible, near or at 100 percent. Wireless electricity is a relatively new area of technology but one that is rapidly being developed. You may already be using the technology without being aware of it, for example, a cordless electric toothbrush which recharges in a cradle or the new charger pads that you can use to charge your cell phone. However, both of those examples while technically wireless do not involve any significant amount of distance, the toothbrush sits in the charging cradle and the cell phone lies on the charging pad. Developing methods of efficiently and safely transmitting energy at a distance has been the challenge. How Wireless Electricity Works There are two important terms to explain how wireless electricity works in, for example, an electric toothbrush, it works by inductive coupling and electromagnetism. According to the Wireless Power Consortium, Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, is based on a few simple principles. The technology requires two coils: a transmitter and a receiver. An alternating current is passed through the transmitter coil, generating a magnetic field. This, in turn, induces a voltage in the receiver coil; this can be used to power a mobile device or charge a battery. To explain further, whenever you direct an electrical current through a wire there is a natural phenomenon that occurs, that a circular magnetic field is created around the wire. And if you loop/coil that wire that wires magnetic field gets stronger. If you take a second coil of wire that does not have an electrical current passing through it, and place that coil within the magnetic field of the first coil, the electric current from the first coil will travel through the magnetic field and started running through the second coil, thats inductive coupling. In an electric toothbrush, the charger is connected to a wall outlet that sends an electric current to a coiled wire inside the charger creating a magnetic field. There is a second coil inside of the toothbrush, when you place the toothbrush inside of its cradle to be charged the electric current passes through the magnetic field and sends electricity to the coil inside the toothbrush, that coil is connected to a battery which gets charged. History Wireless power transmission as an alternative to transmission line power distribution (our current system of electric power distribution) was first proposed and demonstrated by Nikola Tesla. In 1899, Tesla demonstrated wireless power transmission by powering a field of fluorescent lamps located twenty-five miles from their power source without using wires. As impressive and forward thinking as Teslas work was, at that time is was actually cheaper to build copper transmission lines rather than build the type of power generators that Teslas experiments required. Tesla ran out of research funding and at that time a practical and cost efficient method of wireless power distribution could not be developed. WiTricity Corporation While Tesla was the first person to demonstrate the practical possibilities of wireless power in 1899, today, commercially there is little more than electric toothbrushes and charger mats available, and in both technologies, the toothbrush, phone, and other small devices need to be extremely close to their chargers. However, an MIT team of researchers led by Marin Soljacic invented in 2005 a method of wireless energy transmission for household use that is practical at much greater distances. WiTricity Corp. was founded in 2007 to commercialize the new technology for wireless electricity.

Personal and Profesional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and Profesional Development - Essay Example 8). In this regard, it has been established that employees who are highly motivated tend to be more productive at work which translates to positive gains for the company. On the contrary, employees who are less motivated or who have low morale tend to be less productive. The conclusion that the employees of Talk Team UK are demotivated or have no morale is based on the signs that they exhibit. Human resource experts note that some of the main signs that show that employees are not motivated or have low morale include: a plunge in productivity; the production of low quality work; higher rates of absenteeism; and higher turnover (Levine 1990, p. 89; Michael Page 2014). It is evident that employees of Talk Team UK suffer low motivation by the fact that the company’s profits are falling by the day; the company is experiencing high employee turnover; and poor quality work is a common phenomenon especially toward the end of the working shift. The issue of low employee motivation is best tackled by addressing the root causes of the problem. Some of the root causes of low employee morale at Talk Team UK relate to pay, benefits, rewards, non-appreciation, lack of communication between workers and managers, and perceived lack of growth opportunities. I n a bid to tackle the issue of low motivation among employees, Talk Team UK will have to institute a raft of measures that specifically target the root causes of the problem. These measures will be discussed in the following section. One of the strategies that Talk Team UK will apply in improving the situation of the company is by revising its reward strategy. Studies show that different kinds of rewards impact on employees in different ways. While some rewards boost intrinsic motivation, others boost extrinsic motivation among different employees. Evidently, the company currently gives most employees a constant